ArduCopter & Dronekit Arming Without GPS

Without a GPS, you’ll need different sensors to get your position and velocity information. See EKF Source Selection and Switching — Copter documentation for instructions (and options) for non-GPS EKF inputs.

There’s a blog post here: A VIO system using OAK-D & Raspberry Pi

Nope. EK3 needs to be running (unless you have an external AHRS).