Many of those so called SSD1306 modules are mis-labeled. Some don’t have the same chip. Try setting NTF_Display_TYPE to 2 in case it is really a SH1106.
I tested the displays with an Arduino with the SSD1306 library, so I’m fairly sure they are SSD1306 :D. But I tried NTF_DISPLAY_TYPE 2 also. Forget to write it in my OP, sorry.
I have a number of them working fine. I added them a long time ago so I don’t remember the correct address but if it was wrong they would not work on Ardupilot but might work on your Arduino.
Got correct power on your I2C extender?
I have had a lot of just defective modules.
Out of ideas.
At least in the current code on Github, copter does expect the display to be at 0x3C - which they are (verified with the Arduino test setup). The I²C sniff also shows the write setups to 0x3C. And I also tried connecting the displays directly, i.e. without hub. Yeah, I’m also out of ideas, hence the forum post