There might be a better solution, but here is mine.
Connect your Arduino to your flight controller using a serial connection.
Look at this tutorial.
Create a message from your Arduino, my personal choice is STATUSTEXT.
You can save these values as a string like:
POT,VAL1,VAL2,VAL3,VAL4
If you want to process this data later, you can filter STATUSTEXT messages starting with POT. And then, for example, you can open this log with pymavlink and then float(string.split(",")[1]) will be VAL1 and so on when you are filtering and processing STATUSTEXT messages.
Let us know when you get there.